HISTORY
shrouded in mystery due to lost historical records, but archaeological evidence suggests habitation as far back as 2000 BC. The recorded history begins in the 7th century AD when Tibetan King Songsten Gampo introduced Buddhism in by building monumental temples of which few were in Bhutan. Buddhism flourished in the 8th century with the arrival of Padmasambhava, known as Guru Rinpoche, who converted locals and established the Nyingmapa sect. Guru Rinpoche is also linked to the iconic Tiger’s Nest (Taktshang), believed to be a site where he meditated. In the early 17th century, Bhutan faced chaos until the arrival of Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel. Ngawang Namgyel successfully unified the country, fended off invaders, and instituted the governance system, ensuring political stability. After Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel’s demise in 1651, Bhutan experienced turmoil for about 200 years, with power struggles between numerous leaders leading to internal divisions. Bhutan came into contact with the British East India Company, resulting in conflicts and the Treaty of Sinchula in 1865, marking the end of hostilities. Until the beginning of the twentieth century, Bhutan was ruled by the dual system of administration known as Chhoe-sid-nyi, initiated by Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyal. He instituted the office of the Druk Desi to look after the temporal administration of the country and the Je Khenpo to look after religious matters. Umze Tenzin Drukgye and Je Pekar Jungne were the first Druk Desi and Druk Je Khenpo respectively In 1907, December 17, by the popular will of the Bhutanese people, a hereditary monarchy was established in the person of Ugyen Wangchuck, the son of the 51st Druk Desi. He became the first hereditary Monarch of the Wangchuck Dynasty of the Kingdom of Bhutan.
right- Umze Tenzin Drukgye - first Druk Desi from 1650 to 1655
TSAWA SUM
Tsawa Sum, translated as the “Three Root Jewels of Bhutan,” encompasses three vital components that form the cornerstone of Bhutanese value, culture, and identity, viz.: the King, the Country, and the People. This concept emphasizes the inter connectedness and mutual respect and dependence among these three elements, symbolizing the unity, harmony and resilience that define Bhutanese society. Firstly, the King represents the embodiment of Bhutan’s sovereign authority and serves as the guardian of the nation’s welfare and prosperity. As a revered figure, the King upholds the values of compassion, wisdom, and benevolence, guiding the country on the path of progress and development. Secondly, the Country itself is cherished as a sacred land, blessed with natural beauty, cultural richness, and spiritual significance. Bhutan’s pristine landscapes, vibrant traditions, and deeply-rooted Buddhist heritage contribute to its distinctiveness and allure, attracting visitors from around the world. Thirdly, the People of Bhutan, known for their loyalty, warmth, resilience, and sense of community, are integral to the fabric of Tsawa Sum. This unwavering commitment to preserving Bhutanese values, promoting social harmony, and fostering sustainable development ensures the continuity and vitality of the nation. Together, the King, the Country, and the People form an inseparable bond, reflecting the essence of Tsawa Sum and reinforcing Bhutan’s reputation as a beacon of peace, happiness, and unity in a rapidly changing world.
THE KING- WANGCHUCK DYNASTY
His Majesty The Druk Gyalpo is the Head of State and the symbol of unity of the Kingdom and of the people of Bhutan. The Druk Gyalpo is the Supreme Commander in Chief of the Armed Forces and the Militia. The Wangchuck Dynasty of the Kingdom of Bhutan established in 1907 with the coronation of Ugyen Wangchuck as the first Druk Gyalpo marked the unification of Bhutan under a central authority, transitioning from a system of regional chieftains to a hereditary monarchy. The dynasty has played a pivotal role in the country’s modernization and development, balancing tradition with progressive reforms. Successive Kings have focused on promoting Gross National Happiness, a unique development philosophy that emphasizes good governance, sustainable economic development, cultural preservation, and environmental conservation. The Wangchuck dynasty is highly revered in Bhutan for its dedication to the welfare of the Bhutanese people and the preservation of their cultural heritage
King Ugyen Wangchuck (1907-1926)
King Ugyen Wangchuck, born in 1862, was the first monarch of the Kingdom of Bhutan. His reign marked a pivotal period in Bhutan’s history as he played a crucial role in unifying the country. Ascending to the throne in 1907, King Ugyen Wangchuck worked towards establishing a stable and centralized government. During his rule, he successfully navigated geopolitical challenges, maintaining Bhutan’s sovereignty. King Ugyen Wangchuck’s vision and leadership laid the foundation for the hereditary monarchy, and his contributions are commemorated annually on Seventeen December, marked and celebrated as the National Day of Bhutan.
King Jigme Wangchuck (1926-1952)
King Jigme Wangchuck, the second monarch, ascended the throne in 1926 after the passing of his father, King Ugyen Wangchuck. His reign was characterized by a commitment to modernization while preserving Bhutanese traditions. King Jigme Wangchuck instituted various reforms, including the establishment of the first legal code and the introduction of currency. His efforts to modernize the country were balanced with a deep respect for Bhutan’s cultural heritage. King Jigme Wangchuck’s reign set the stage for Bhutan’s ongoing journey to harmonize tradition and progress, a principle that remains central to the nation’s development.
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck (1952-1972)
King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck, the third monarch, popularly known as the father of modern Bhutan, assumed the throne in 1952, succeeding his father, King Jigme Wangchuck. His reign was marked by progressive reforms aimed at modernizing Bhutanese society. King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck introduced democratic initiatives, such as the establishment of the National Assembly and the drafting of the country’s first Five-Year Plan. His commitment to education and infrastructure development laid the groundwork for Bhutan’s future progress. King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck passed away in 1972, leaving a lasting legacy as a forward-thinking monarch who sought to bring positive change to Bhutan.
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck (1972-2006)
King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, the fourth monarch, ascended the throne at the age of 16 in 1972, following the untimely demise of his father, King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck. His reign was marked by visionary leadership and a focus on Gross National Happiness (GNH) as an alternative measure of progress. King Jigme Singye Wangchuck initiated several modernization projects, including decentralization efforts and the introduction of parliamentary democracy in 2008. His abdication in 2006, in favor of his son, King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, demonstrated a commitment to a smooth transition and continuity in Bhutan’s monarchy.
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck (2006 – )
King Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck addressed popularly as King Jigme has led numerous initiatives to address social issues, foster national unity, and strengthen the economy. These include the adoption of the Constitution in 2008, signing a new friendship treaty with India in 2007, and introducing land reform projects such as the National Cadastral Resurvey and the Rehabilitation Project, established the De-suung Training Programme in 2011, and announced the Gyalsuung National Service in 2019 to start from 2024. In 2019, King Jigme received special recognition from UNDP for his efforts in advancing human development, promoting Gross National Happiness as a holistic development paradigm, leading Bhutan to become the first carbon-negative country, and ensuring a smooth transition to a democratic system of governance. His Majesty’s exemplary leadership in managing the COVID-19 pandemic from 2020 to 2022 has garnered global applause. His most recent gift to Bhutan and the world is the envisioning and launch of the Gelephu Mindfulness City in 2023. The city aims to showcase an alternative way of living that is harmonious, sustainable, and prosperous. King Jigme has received Honorary Doctorates from several esteemed institutions, some of which are the University of New Brunswick, Canada, Rangsit University, Thailand, Calcutta University, India, and Keio University, Japan. On June 19, 2024, seven universities from Thailand presented an honorary doctorate degree to His Majesty in one ceremony held at the Dungkar Dzong in Paro, Bhutan. This recognition is unprecedented and possibly the first time in the world.
Crown Prince Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck
The Crown Prince His Royal Highness Gyalsay Jigme Namgyel Wangchuck was born on 5 February 2016. In honor of the Crown Prince’s birth, 108,000 trees were planted by volunteers across Bhutan. In 2017, a new damselfly species was named Megalestes gyalsey in honor of the Crown Prince’s first birthday. The Crown Prince has a younger Prince brother, HRH Dasho Jigme Ugyen Wangchuck, and a younger Princess sister, HRH Ashi Sonam Yangden Wangchuck.
For more information on the Monarchs of the Kingdom of Bhutan visit: http://www.bhutanstudies.org.bt/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/Second-Edition_Leadership-ilovepdfcompressed-min.pdf
COUNTRY - DRUKYUL
Nestled between the vast expanses of China and India, Bhutan occupies a unique position on the slopes of the eastern Himalayas. It spans an area of 38,394 square kilometers and lies between latitudes 26′ 45’N and 28′ 10’N, and longitudes 88′ 45′E and 92′ 10’E, positioning it six hours ahead of GMT. Bhutan’s diverse geography is divided into three distinct lateral zones: The Great Himalaya with its towering peaks and dramatic landscapes, the Inner Himalaya characterized by rolling hills and valleys, and the Southern Foothills that descend into subtropical plains along the Indian border. This varied terrain adds to the country’s scenic beauty and cultural richness. Long before the 16th century, Bhutan was called by various names, each reflecting different aspects of its identity. It was referred to as Mon, Monyul (Mon country), or Lhomon (Southern Mon), with its inhabitants known as Mon pa. The term ‘Mon’ in Tibetan means ‘darkness,’ symbolizing the perceived socio-spiritual obscurity before the enlightening wisdom of Buddha reached its people. Additionally, Bhutan was famously known as Menjong, the medicinal country, a name that highlighted its abundant medicinal resources. The name ‘Bhutan,’ derived from its historical connections with the British, has become internationally recognized and is used in official and diplomatic contexts, as well as by the locals when referring to their country in English. Bhutan is affectionately called ‘Druk Yul,’ meaning ‘The Land of the Thunder Dragon.’ Its people proudly identify as ‘Drukpas,’ or dragon people, embracing the mythic and cultural heritage that the dragon symbolizes. Administratively, Bhutan is organized into 20 districts known as Dzongkhags. These are further subdivided into 205 village blocks called Gewogs, which consist of multiple municipalities known as chiwogs and thromdes. The capital city, Thimphu, serves as the political and economic center of the nation, nestled within the heart of the Great Himalaya. This unique geographical and administrative configuration not only defines Bhutan’s stunning landscapes but also enriches its cultural tapestry, making Druk Yul a land of immense beauty and profound heritage.
THE PEOPLE – DRUKPAS
The Bhutanese, affectionately called Drukpas, are the proud inhabitants of this country, where deep valleys and steep mountains create a landscape of stunning beauty but also result in dispersed and irregular settlements. Despite its compact size, Bhutan is a tapestry of numerous indigenous communities, each preserving its unique dialects, traditions, and culture. Among these communities, three prominent ethnic groups stand out. The Sharchops, believed to be the original inhabitants of Bhutan, are of Indo-Mongoloid origin. They primarily reside in the eastern regions of the country, speaking Tshangla, a language distinct from Dzongkha, Bhutan’s national language. In the western parts of Bhutan, the Ngalops, who have Tibetan roots, have established their presence. They speak Dzongkha and are recognized as the cultural torchbearers, deeply intertwined with Bhutan’s religious and historical narratives. To the south, the Lhotsampas, who migrated from Nepal, have settled. They speak Lhotsamkha, a language akin to Nepali, and predominantly practice Hinduism. Their arrival added a new layer to Bhutan’s cultural mosaic. Amidst these major groups, several indigenous tribes contribute to the rich cultural fabric of Bhutan. The Brokpas, semi-nomadic people of the highlands in Merak and Sakteng, maintain a distinct culture and language called Brokpa. The Layaps, residing in the northwestern region of Laya, are known for their unique dress and culture, speaking Layakha. In the remote and high-altitude region of Lunana, the Lunaps lead a rugged lifestyle, speaking the Lunana dialect. The Doyas, or Lhop, considered one of Bhutan’s aboriginal tribes, live in the southwestern regions, preserving their own distinct language and culture. The Khengs inhabit the central districts of Zhemgang and parts of Trongsa and Mongar, speaking Khengkha, a dialect of Bumthangkha. In the central Bumthang region, the Bumthangpas speak Bumthangkha, closely related to Khengkha. The Kurtoeps of the Lhuentse district speak Kurtöpkha, another Central Bodish language, while the Mangdeps in the Trongsa district communicate in Mangdepkha, a variant of Bumthangkha.
NATIONAL ANTHEM
The National Anthemholds significant importance as a solemn song that embodies hope, devotion, and loyalty towards the national identity of a country. In the context of Bhutan, it represents unity and commitment to the prosperity of the nation, guided by the wise leadership of the beloved Monarch.
TRANSLATION
In the Kingdom of Bhutan adorned with cypress trees. The Protector who reigns over the realm of spiritual and secular traditions. He is the King of Bhutan, the precious sovereign. May His being remain unchanging, and the Kingdom prosper. May the teachings of the Enlightened One flourish. May the sun of peace and happiness shine over all people.
NATIONAL FLAG
The national flag of Bhutan is rectangular featuring a unique design with a white dragon grasping jewels in its claws against a background of vibrant yellow and orange. The upper yellow half that touches the base symbolizes the secular tradition. It personifies His Majesty The King, whose noble actions enhance the Kingdom. Hence, it symbolizes that His Majesty is the upholder of the spiritual and secular foundations of the Kingdom. The lower orange half that extends to the top symbolizes the spiritual tradition. It also symbolizes the flourishing of the Buddhist teachings in general and that of the Kagyu and Nyingma traditions in particular. The dragon that fully presses down the fimbriation symbolizes the name of the Kingdom, which is endowed with the spiritual and secular traditions. The white dragon symbolizes the undefiled thoughts of the people that express their loyalty, patriotism and great sense of belonging to the Kingdom although they have different ethnic and linguistic origins.
NATIONAL EMBLEM
The national emblem of Bhutan is a powerful symbol that encapsulates the country’s values, history, and aspirations. Within the circle of the national emblem, two crossed-vajras are placed over a lotus. They are flanked on either side by a male and female white dragon. A wish-fulfilling jewel is located above them. There are four other jewels inside the circle where the two vajras intersect. They symbolize the spiritual and secular traditions of the Kingdom based on the four spiritual undertakings of Vajrayana Buddhism. The lotus symbolizes absence of defilements, the wish-fulfilling jewel, the sovereign power of the people, and the two dragons, the name of the Kingdom.
NATIONAL DAY
The National Day of Bhutan is marked on the Seventeenth Day of December of each year. The day holds profound significance in the country’s history and culture. It commemorates the coronation of Ugyen Wangchuck as the first hereditary King of Bhutan in 1907, marking the establishment of the Wangchuck dynasty. Festivities on this day are marked by vibrant displays of Bhutanese culture, including traditional dances, music performances, and ceremonial rituals. The occasion serves as a unifying force, bringing together people from all walks of life to honor their heritage and celebrate the sovereignty and unity of the nation. Amidst the joyful festivities, Bhutanese people reflect on their shared values of Gross National Happiness, cultural preservation, and sustainable development, reaffirming their commitment to building a harmonious and prosperous future for generations to come. The most awaited event at the National Day celebration is the Royal Address by His Majesty The King to the Nation.
NATIONAL RELIGION
Mandated as the spiritual heritage by the Constitution, Buddhism’s historical journey, from Guru Padmasambhava to Zhabdrung Ngawang Namgyel to the present day Je Khenpos (Chief Abbot) underscores its enduring significance. Rooted in the principles of peace, compassion, and tolerance, Buddhism is integral to Bhutanese culture, shaping governance, education, and societal norms. Guided by revered masters, Bhutan has preserved its spiritual legacy through dzongs, monasteries, temples, stupas and festivals. The Drukpa Kagyu tradition is particularly revered, with it being the official religion. Originating from the teachings of the Indian saint Naropa and the Tibetan translator Marpa Lotsawa, the Drukpa Kagyu lineage was established in the 12th century by Tsangpa Gyare Yeshe Dorje. Throughout Bhutan, the teachings of the Drukpa Kagyu tradition are deeply ingrained in religious rituals, festivals, and daily practices, contributing to the spiritual well-being and cultural cohesion of the nation. The tradition’s emphasis on compassion, wisdom, and altruism resonates with Bhutan’s overarching philosophy of Gross National Happiness, highlighting the inter connectedness between spiritual fulfillment and societal harmony. Before Buddhism, Bonism was prevalent in Bhutan. This religion involved the worship of both animate and inanimate forms of nature. Even today, remnants of Bonism can be found in remote parts of the country.
NATIONAL LANGUAGE
Dzongkha, the national language of Bhutan, holds a central place in the country’s cultural identity and administrative framework. With its roots in the Tibeto-Burman language family, Dzongkha is spoken by a majority of the Bhutanese population. The word “Dzongkha” itself translates to “the language of the fortress,” reflecting its historical association with the impressive dzongs, or fortress-monasteries, that are scattered throughout the Bhutanese landscape. Despite Bhutan’s linguistic diversity, with several regional languages spoken across the country, Dzongkha serves as a unifying force. It is the medium of instruction in schools, fostering a sense of national unity and cultural cohesion. Additionally, Dzongkha is used in government proceedings, official documents, and communications. The preservation and promotion of Dzongkha play a vital role in safeguarding Bhutan’s unique cultural heritage, ensuring that the language continues to thrive as an integral aspect of the nation’s identity.
NATIONAL ANIMAL
Takin (Budorcas taxicolor) is the national animal of Bhutan and is intertwined with the country’s religious history and mythology. This rare mammal possesses a robust physique, characterized by a thick neck and short, muscular legs. Typically residing in groups, the Takin is primarily found at altitudes exceeding 4000 meters in the northwestern and far north-eastern regions of Bhutan. With bamboo constituting its main source of sustenance, this remarkable creature, weighing over 200 kilograms in adulthood, plays a distinctive role in Bhutan’s cultural and natural heritage. The Takin is listed as vulnerable on the IUCN Red List.
NATIONAL FLOWER
Blue Poppy (Meconopsis Gakyidiana) is Bhutan’s national flower. This fragile blossom exhibits a blue or purple hue with a white filament. Thriving at altitudes above the tree line, typically between 3500 to 4500 meters, it graces rocky mountain terrain and grows to a height of approximately 1 meter.
NATIONAL TREE
Bhutan’s national tree is the cypress (Cupressus torolusa). These trees are plentiful in the country, notably observed near temples and monasteries. Thriving in the temperate climate zone, the cypress typically grows between 1800 and 3500 meters. Renowned for its ability to endure challenging and rugged terrain, this tree is often likened to qualities of bravery and simplicity.
Right- National Tree: cypress (Cupressus torolusa)
NATIONAL BIRD
Raven (Corvus corax) is the national bird of Bhutan and holds a prominent place on the Royal Crown. Symbolizing the deity Gonpo Jarodongchen, also known as the raven-headed Mahakala, this bird is among the key guardian deities of Bhutan. According to belief, this deity assumed the form of a raven to provide guidance and foster unity throughout the country. While resembling a crow, the national bird, the raven, distinguishes itself by its notably larger size.
NATIONAL SPORT
The National sport of Bhutan is archery, known as Dha. The bow and arrow hold a significant role in numerous Bhutanese myths and legends, with depictions of gods wielding these weapons considered particularly auspicious. Bhutan actively participates in international archery events, including the Olympic. Archery competitions and tournaments are widespread across the country, taking place during both religious and secular public holidays and local festivals.
NATIONAL ORDERS AND DECORATIONS
Bhutan has several awards and decorations that honor individuals, institutions and organizations for their exemplary contributions to the country. These awards and decorations are given for distinguished service in various fields including public service, military service, civil service, and contributions to culture and society. Below are five highest awards and decorations of Bhutan:
The Order of Druk Gyalpo – Nga Dap Pel Gi Khorlo is the highest decoration awarded in recognition of a lifetime of service to the people and Kingdom of Bhutan.
Druk Yugyel (Victorious Thunder Dragon) is the highest military medal of honour awarded for outstanding dedication, loyalty and commitment by members of the uniformed services of the kingdom, and is the the second highest honour
Druk Wangyel (‘Power of the Thunder Dragon’) the nation’s principal national honour and third highest honour
Druk Thuksey – Beloved of the Thunder Dragon is a meritorious service medal awarded to members of the Royal Bhutan Army, Royal Bodyguard, National Militia, Royal Bhutan Police and Forest Guards and is the fourth highest honour
Druk Khorlo – Wheel of the Thunder Dragon is fifth highest honour
Bottom left- The Druk Yugyel Decoration
Top right- The Druk Wangyel Decoration
Middle right- The Druk Thuksey Decoration
Bottom right- The Druk Khorlo Decoration
CLIMATE
Bhutan’s diverse geography gives rise to distinct climate zones, each offering its own unique weather patterns and landscapes. The country can be broadly divided into three main climate zones: the northern region, the central region, and the southern region.
Northern Region: The northern region of Bhutan, encompassing areas such as Thimphu, Paro, Gasa, Haa, Lhuentsi, Bumthang, Trashigang and Trongsa, experiences a temperate alpine climate. Winters are cold and dry, with temperatures often dropping below freezing, especially in higher elevations. Summers are mild and pleasant, with cool temperatures and occasional rainfall. This region is characterized by snowcapped mountains, lush valleys, and picturesque landscapes.
Central Region: The central region, including Wangduephodrang, Punakha, Tsirang, Dagana, Mongar, Pemagatshel, Trashiyangtsi and Zhemgang features a subtropical highland climate. Summers are warm with occasional rainfall, while winters are cool and dry. This region is known for its rolling hills, dense forests, and scenic vistas.
Southern Region: The southern region, covering areas like Sarpang, Samdrupjongkhar, Samtsi and Chukha, experiences a subtropical climate with hot and humid summers and mild winters. Monsoon rains from June to September bring abundant rainfall, nourishing the region’s lush forests and fertile valleys. This area is characterized by dense jungles, cascading waterfalls, and a rich biodiversity.
Here’s a table showing the maximum and minimum temperatures of key cities in Bhutan month-wise:
WEATHER AND SEASONS
Average Temperatures in Bhutan
It should be noted that average temperatures are recorded from valley floors. There can be considerable divergences from the recorded figures depending upon elevation.
ECONOMY
Bhutan’s economy is deeply rooted in agriculture and forestry, with more than 60% of its population relying on subsistence farming and animal husbandry for their livelihoods. The country’s rugged mountainous terrain presents significant challenges for infrastructure development. Despite these obstacles, Bhutan boasts one of the highest GDP per capita figures in South Asia, standing at $3,491 as of 2022. However, on a global scale, Bhutan ranks 153rd and remains among the poorest countries with a total GDP of $2,653 million. A significant milestone in Bhutan’s economic journey was its graduation from the UN’s list of least developed countries to a lower-middle-income country on December 8, 2023. This dramatic improvement is largely due to enhanced labor and agricultural productivity, remittances, and rising real per capita consumption, especially in rural areas. Despite these gains, Bhutan still grapples with poverty vulnerability and spatial inequality. The country’s economy is closely intertwined with India through robust trade and monetary links. A significant driver of Bhutan’s economic growth has been hydropower exports to India, though non-hydro sectors face challenges due to a difficult investment climate. In the fiscal year 2022/2023, Bhutan’s economy grew by 4.6%, buoyed by the reopening of tourism, despite a contraction in the electricity sector. Growth in the services sector, particularly in transport and traderelated services, generated more employment opportunities. Inflation moderated to 4.6%, driven by a slowdown in imported food inflation, although non-food inflation remained high. The fiscal deficit narrowed due to increased domestic revenue and reduced capital spending. Medium-term growth is expected to be supported by tourism and the commissioning of a new hydro plant. Inflation is anticipated to remain high in the short term but should moderate over the medium term. Despite these positive trends, Bhutan still faces challenges in diversifying its economy and creating jobs outside the public sector and agriculture.
